Client Server Computing Important Questions and Answers

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CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING

UNIT-1

TWO MARKS:

1. What is meant by client server computing?

Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together over a network to accomplish a task.

2. List the types of client server?

File servers
Database servers
Transaction servers
Groupware servers
Object servers
Web servers

3. What is file server?

With the file server, the client passes request for file records over a network to the file server.
File servers are useful for sharing files across a network.
They are indispensable for creating shared repositories of documents, images engineering drawings and other large data objects.

4. What is database server?

With a database server, the client passes SQL requests as messages to the database server and the server find the requested data and the result is sent back to the client over the network.
The results of each SQL command are returned over the network.

5. Define groupware server?

Groupware is software that supports the creation, flow and tracking of non structured information in direct support of collaborative group activity.
It addresses the management of semi-structured information such as text, image, bulletin boards and the flow of work.
These client/server systems place people in direct contact with other people.

6. What is a transaction server?

The client invokes remote procedures that reside on the server with an SQL database engine.
These remote procedures on the server execute a group of SQL statements.
These grouped SQL statements are called Transactions.
It is simple request/reply message over the network.

7. Define object server.

The client/server application is written as a set of communicating objects.
Client objects communicate with server objects using an ORB (object Request Broker).
The client invokes a method on a remote object.
The ORB locates an instance of that object server class, invokes the requested method, and returns the results to the client object.

8. What is a web server?

The client and servers communicate using an RPC like protocol called HTTP.
This protocol defines a set of commands; parameters are passed as strings, with no provision for typed data.

9. Differentiate between two tier and three tier client/server architectures.

In 2 tier C/S systems, the application logic is either inside the user interface on the client or within the database on the server or both.
In 3 tier C/S systems, the application logic lives in the middle tier and it is separated from the data and the user interface

10. Differentiate between fat server and the fat client.

In fat server, applications are easier to manage and deploy on the network because most of the code runs on the servers.
It tries to minimize network interchanges by creating more abstract levels of service.
In fat client, the bulk of the application runs on the client side.
It is used for decision support and personal software and the provide flexibility and opportunities for creating front end tools to create their own applications.

11. List out the characteristics of client server computing.

Service
Shared resources
Asymmetrical protocols
Transparency of location
Mix and match
Message based exchanges
Encapsulation of services
Scalability
Integrity

12. Define Intergalactic client/server.

The center of gravity is shifting from single server, 2-tier, LAN based departmental client/server to a post scarcity form of client/server where every machine on the global information highway can be both a client and a server.

13. List out the technologies is needed in the Intergalactic client/server.

Rich transaction processing
Roaming agents
Rich data management
Intelligent self managing entities
Intelligent middleware

14. List out the 4 situations used for building blocks arrangement

C/S for tiny shops and nomadic tribes
C/S for small shops and departments
C/S for intergalactic enterprises
C/S for a post-scarcity world

12 MARKS:

1. What is meant by real client server? Explain the types of real client server.

2. What is meant by intergelatic client server? Explain.

3. Briefly explain about client server building blocks.

UNIT II

TWO MARKS:

List out the typical server program requirements

Waits for client-initiated requests
Executes many requests at the same time
Takes care of VIP clients first
Initiates and runs background task activity
Keeps running
Grows bigger and fatter

List out the server OS requirements.

Task preemption
Task priority
Semaphores
IPC
Local/Remote IPC
Threads
Intertask protection
Multi-user high performance files system
Efficient memory management
Dynamically linked run time extensions

Define semaphores

An OS must provide synchronization mechanisms for keeping concurrent tasks from bumping into one another when accessing shared resources.

Define IPC

An OS must provide the mechanisms that allow independent processes to exchange and share data.

Define threads

These are units of concurrency provided within the program itself. These are used to create concurrent, event-driven server programs.

Define intertask protection

The OS must protect tasks from interfering with each other’s resources. Protection also extends to the file system and calls to the OS.

Define MHPF(Multi-user High performance file system)
Define dynamic linked runtime extension

The file system must support multiple tasks and provide the locks that protect the integrity of the data.
Server programs work on the many files at the same time.
The file system must support large number of open files without too much deterioration in performance.

The OS services should be extendable. A mechanism must be provided to allow services to grow at run time without recompiling the OS

Describe network time

The OS extensions must provide a mechanism for clients and servers to synchronize their clocks.
This time should be coordinated with some universal time authority.

What is meant by BLOBs?

Images, video, graphics, intelligent documents and database snapshots are to test the capabilities of our OS, databases and networks.
These large objects require Os extensions such as intelligent message streams and object representation formats.

What is meant by NOS extension?

The OS extensions must provide facilities for extending the file and print services over the network.

Differentiate between authentication and authorization.

The authentication is defined as the clients to prove to the server that they are who they claim to be.
The authorization system determines if the authenticated client has the permission to obtain a remote service.

Differentiate between the Asymmetric multiprocessing and Symmetric multi processing.

In Asymmetric multiprocessing, the master can run the OS at any one time.
The master controls slave processors dedicated to specific function such as disk I/O or network I/O.
The coprocessor has unique special purpose hardware that is not identical to the main processor.
In Symmetric multiprocessing, treats all processors as equals.
Any processor can do the work of any other processor.

List out extended services server programs from their OS.

Ubiquitous communications
Network operating system extensions
Binary Large Objects (BLOBs)
Global directories and Network yellow pages
Authentication and Authorization services
System management
Network time
Database and transaction services
Internet services
Object-oriented services

15. List out the types of clients in Client Anatomy.

Non GUI clients
GUI clients
OOUI clients

16. Define shippable places.

It is mobile container of components. It is a place that can be shipped over the Net

12 MARKS:

1. Explain in detail about server anatomy.
2. Explain in detail about extended and base services of server programs

(Or)

Explain server need from an OS?

3. Explain in detail about the Client Anatomy.

4. Write brief notes on client need from an OS

5. Write short notes on:

Netware 4.1
OS/2 Warp server
MAC OS

UNIT III

TWOMARKS:

1. What is meant by NOS middleware?

ü NOSs is a collection of independent workstations able to communicate via shared file systems to become real distributed computing environment that make the network transparent to users.

2. What is meant by replication?

3. Write down the type of synchronization

4. What is meant by skulking?

6. Describe encryption

7. Explain cryptographic checksum

8. What is meant by audit trails?

9. Explain authentication

10. Explain authorization

11. What is c2 level security?

12. What is meant by sockets?

13. Use of sockets

14. Peer to peer

15. Define global directory services.

17. Named pipes

18. MOM versus RPC

19 List out the types of transparency in NOS Middleware.

ü Location transparency

ü Namespace transparency

ü Logon transparency

ü Replication transparency

ü Local/remote access transparency

ü Distributed time transparency

ü Failure transparency

ü Administration transparency

12 MARKS:

1. Explain about NOS middleware

2. Explain about global directory services

3. Explain about distributed time services

4. Explain about distributed security services

5. Explain messaging and queueing MOM

6. Explain enterprise NOS

7. Explain internet as NOS

UNIT IV

TWOMARKS:

1. Define transaction

A transaction is a collection of actions imbued with ACID properties.

2. List out the Acid properties

A- Atomicity

C- Consistency

I - Isolation

D- Durability

3. What is meant by flat transaction?

Flat transactions are the work horses of the current generation of transactional systems.
They are called flat because all the work done within a transaction’s boundaries is at the same level.
The transaction has 2 delimiters a.)Begin- transaction

b.) commit transaction or abort transaction

4. Differentiate between baby stepping flat transaction and the distributed flat transaction

In Baby Stepping flat transaction, the OLTP client/server programs are divided into short transactions that execute back to back to produce results.
In distributed flat transaction, the transaction must travel across multiple sites to get to the resources it needs. Each site’s TP monitor must manage its local piece of the transaction.

5. List out the limitations of flat transaction

Compound business transactions that need to be partially rolled back
Business transactions with humans in the loop
Business transactions that span long periods of time
Business transactions with a lot of bulk
Business transactions that span across companies or the internet

6. Differentiate between chained and nested transaction

Chained transaction is a variation of sync points that make the accumulated work durable. I allows to commit work while staying within the transaction
Nested transaction provides the ability to define transactions within othertransactions.here transactions are divided into sub transactions.

7. Differentiate between sync point and sagas

Sync point lets you rollback work and still maintains a live transaction. It also gives better granularity of control over what you save and undo.
Sagas lets you rollback the entire chain, if you require it.

8. Define TP monitor

Jeri Edwards’s definition for TP monitor defines it as “an Operating system for transaction processing.
When a transaction ends, the TP Monitor ensures that all the systems involved in the transaction are left in a consistent state.

9. Define load balancing in TP monitor

If the number of incoming client requests exceeds the number of processes in a server class, the TP Monitor may dynamically start new processes. This is called Load Balancing in TP monitor.

10. List out the types of TP monitor client/server interaction types

There are 4 types of TP monitor client/server interaction types as followsd

Conversational
RPC
Queued
Batch

11. Differentiate between transactional and non transactional communication

In transactional communication loosely-coupled client/server programs participate. This does not commit synchronization.
In non transactional communication transitionally bound client/server and server/server programs participate. This will commit synchronization.

12. What is meant by TP LITE?

Some database centric needs that database transactions with stored procedures is all needed in the area of transaction management. This is called as TP Lite.

It is the integration of TP monitor functions in the database engines. Currently, only few of the TP monitor functions are integrated including function shipping, some level of funneling, single function transaction management and RPC like calls.

13. What is meant by TP HEAVY?

TP Monitors track the execution of functions on a single server or across servers on the network. This approach is called as TP Heavy.

In TP-Heavy , TP Monitor’s products for client/server LANs include CICS, Encia, Tuxedo, Tandem’s Pthway, top End, and Digital’s ACMS.

14. List out the functions includes in TP heavy

Process Management
Load balancing
Global transaction synchronization
Interfaces to multiple resources managers
Error recovery

15. How to managing heterogeneous resources in TP lite vs. TP heavy?

Stored procedure can only commit transaction resources that are on the vendor’s database or resource manager. It cannot synchronize or commit work that is on a foreign-local or non-local database or resource manager.
TP-Heavy procedures can easily handle ACID updates on multiple heterogeneous resource managers within the scope of a single transaction.

12MARKS:

1. Explain in detail about TP lite vs. TP heavy

2. Write short notes on:

Why a server OS needs a TP monitor
How the TP monitor performs ets functioning act

3. Explain in detail about the types of transaction

i.e., Flat transactions and Distributed flat transaction.

4. Explain in detail about the chained and nested transactions with neat sketch

UNITV

TWOMARKS:

1. Define sql

SQL, an ISO standard is a powerful set-oriented language consisting of few commands.
It was created as a language for databases that adhere to the relational model.

2. List out the important roles in sql

It is an interactive query language for ad hoc database queries
It is a database programming language
It is a data definition and data administration language
It is a language of networked database servers
It helps to protect the data in a multi-user networked environment.

3. Differentiate between SQL 89 and SQL 92

Sql-89 standard was an intersection of the Sql implementations of that time which made it easy for existing products to confirm it.
Sql-92 standardizes many of the features previously left to the implementer’s discretion and is a superset of Sql-89.

4. List out the processes to develop SQL3

SQL/framework
SQL/foundation
SQL/CLI
SQL/PSM
SQL/Bindings
SQL/Transactions
SQL/Temporal

5. What is a stored procedure?

It is a named collection of SQL statements and procedural logic that is compiled verified and stored in the server database. It is typically treats like any other database object and registered in the SQL catalog.

6. Differentiate between stored procedure vs. static and dynamic sql

In stored procedure features like shared and named functions are present. Procedural logic is within the object. Abstraction level is high.
In static and dynamic SQL it do not have shared and named functions. Procedural logic is external. Abstraction level is low.

7. Define Triggers

These are special user-defined actions usually in the form of stored procedures that are automatically invoked by the server based on data-related events. It can perform complex actions and can use the full power of procedural language.

8. Define rules

A rule is a special type of trigger that is used to perform simple checks on data.

9. Define federated database system

To allow a “federation” of loosely coupled autonomously-owned, multivendor database servers to communicate using a “least common denominator” approach. This process is called as “Federated database system”.

10. List out the solution for single vendered middleware

A vendor-proprietary SQL API that works on a multiplicity of client platforms.
A vendor proprietary SQL driver.
FAP support for multiple protocol stacks.
Gateways to other vendor databases
Client/Server database administration tools.
Front-end graphical application development and query tools

11. List out the inconsistence that faced by multi vendor middleware.

Different SQL APIs.
Multiple database drivers
Multiple FAPs and no interoperability
Multiple administration tools

12. List out the DRDA features.

SQL message content and exchange protocol
Transport stack independence
Multiplatform program preparation
Static or dynamic SQL support
Common diagnostics
Common SQL syntax

13. List out the federated middleware solutions

The common SQL interface
The Open SQL gateway
Federated Nirvana

14. Differentiate between Embedded sql and call level interface

In embedded SQL (ESQL) is an ISO SQL-92 defined standard for embedding SQL as within ordinary programming languages.
This approach requires running the SQL source through a precompiler to generate a source code file that the language compiler understands.
In Call Level Interface (CLI) is an alternative method for ESQL which is to use a callable SQL API for database access.
An API does not require a precompiler to convert SQL statements into code, which is then compiled and bound to a database.

15. List out the proprietary sql language

Sybase Transact-SQL
Oracle PL/SQL

16. Draw the EDA/SQL gateway components

API/SQL
EDA/Extenders
EDA/Link
EDA/Server
EDA/Data drivers

17. List out the four levels of database transactions defined by DRDA

Remote request
Remote unit of work
Distributed unit of work
Distributed request

18. Define DSS and EIS

DSS- Decision support Systems used to analyses data and create reports

They provide the business professional and information hounds with the means to obtain exactly the information that they need.

EIS-Executive Information System

These are more powerful, easy to use and business specific tool

19. What is meant by information hounds?

These are the “outsiders” who want to consume the information. The ability to access information and act on it will become increasingly critical to any company’s (Individual’s) success.

20. Define data warehouse

v Bill Inmon and Vendors like Teradata defines a warehouse as” a separate database for decision support,which contains vast amount of information”.

v Richard Hackathorn defines a warehouse as “a collection of data objects that have been inventoried for distribution to a business community”.

21. List out the elements of data warehousing

v The data replication manager

v The informational database

v The information directory

v EIS/DSS tool support

22. Define data marts

Data mart is a subset of an organizational data store, usually oriented to a specific purpose or major data subject that may be distributed to support business needs.

23. Differentiate between replication and direct access

In replication, automated copy management or the management of replicated data is the technology for sharing data in a federated database environment.
Data replication for decision support minimizes the disruption of production systems and allows the people to tailor the informational databases to fit for the needs.
In direct access, it is required by applications that cannot tolerate any “volatility” in their data.
These applications require “live data” that reflect the state of the business.

24. List the manual steps for processing data replication

ü Extract data using a query

ü Copy the result to the diskette file

ü Copy the diskette file to the machine with the spread sheet program and

ü Import the file into the local database

25. Differentiate between refresh and update

ü In refresh, replace the entire target with data from the source.

ü It is also used for doing initial bulk loads to the target database.

ü In updates, only sends the changed data to the target.

ü There are of 2 types of updates

Synchronous: The target copy is updated in the same commit scope as the source table.
Asynchronous: The target table is updated in separate transactions than the one updating the source.

26. List out the functions that apply on data extracts

ü Subsets

ü Aggregate

ü Derived functions

27. Define true replicas

ü Replicas are copies of data that can update. When this happens, the updated replica must find a way to resynchronize its state with the original primary database.

ü Updates only takes place on a single designated replica and the primary server must obtain from doing any non- replica generated changes.

28. Differentiate between OLAP and OLTP

ü OLAP- Online Analytical Processing

ü It deals with the historical data in the data warehouses.

ü OLTP- Online Transaction Processing

ü It deals with the transactional updates of data in the database.

29. List out the OLAP tool vendors

ü Relational OLAP tools

ü OLAP savvy SQL servers

ü Multi dimensional DBMS

30. Define data mining

ü Data Mining is defined as the extracting data / knowledge from the database.

ü Data mining is the process of discovering unsuspected patterns from the data warehouse.

ü The tools used for data mining are

Associations
Sequential patterns
clustering

31. Define personal information agents

ü Agents are mobile application that is launched on data warehouses to perform specific queries or to search for patterns in data.

ü Agents are rule based alerting programs that says “If this happened, do that”.

32. List out the search methods that the tools were used.

ü The tools used for data mining are

Associations
Sequential patterns
clustering

33. Define group ware.

Groupware is software that supports the creation, flow and tracking of non structured information in direct support of collaborative group activity.

34. List out the components of group ware

v Multimedia document management

v Workflow

v Email

v Conferencing and scheduling

35. Define work flow

ü Workflow is the “up and coming” client/Server technology that can be used to automatically route the events from one program to the next in structured/unstructured C/S environment

ü Workflow define s the operations that must be visited along the way and what needs to be done when exceptions occur.

36. List out the functions /key areas of new work flow system

ü Support for ad hoc user needs.

ü Low cost

ü Integration with other application

ü Programming with visual metaphor

ü Integration with email, MOM, or RPC

ü Provide facilities for tracking work- in- progress

ü Provide users with tool to complete an action

ü Provide APIs that let developers customize workflow services.

37. List out the 3rs in work flow model

ü Routes

ü Rules

ü Roles

38. Differentiate between process oriented and adhoc work flow

ü In process oriented workflows are used to automate business systems that have definable, repetitive, and well understood policies and procedures.

ü It is long lived transactions.

ü Eg: bank loan

ü In Adhoc work flow, deals with short lived and unstructured work processes.

ü They can involve task force of people working on a common problem

ü Eg: Short duration problem with deadline

39. List out the types of work flow routine

ü Sequential router

ü Parallel router

ü Feedback loop router

ü Circular router

ü Wheel- spoked router

ü Fully interconnected router

40. What is the purpose of using work splits and joints?

ü Workflow objects can go off on different routes and then merge back into a single route at a “rendezvous” point.

41. List out the types of splits and joints in work flow

ü And-splits

ü Or-splits

ü Or-joins

ü And-joins

43. List out the functions that are used in the mail API

ü Simple messaging service

ü Message store manipulation

ü Address book and directory service

ü Mail object manipulation

ü Authentication and security service

ü Service provider interface

44. List out the 3 standards used in Email API

ü Vendor Independent Messaging (VIM)

ü Messaging API (MAPI)

ü Common Mail Call (CMC)

45. Differentiate between VIM and MAPI

ü VIM is an interface that is jointly backed by Lotus, Apple IBM, Borland, MCI, Oracle, Word perfect and Novell.

ü Designed as a cross platform interface

ü It consists of 55 API calls in which 10 are optional that support mail, message store and address book services.

ü MAPI is Microsoft WOSA offered for Email.

ü It was the 1^st window client API ie.,windows DLL that works with MS mail backends.

ü It consists of 12 API calls for support mail, message store and address book services.

ü Extended MAPI consists of 100 API calls for complex addressing services.

46. Define scheduling and calendaring

ü Scheduling and calendaring is an electronic scheduling of meeting, sharing calendaring, and”to do” the list and all that good stuff.

ü A work flow manager would be able to automatically add a meeting to the calendar of all the participations, scheduling a meeting room, and send them remainder notices

47. Define conferencing

ü It is an electronic meeting through which people can participate in the online.

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